Monday, 15 July 2013

Xi'an

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   (Redirected from Xi'an, Shaanxi) Jump to: navigation, search Xi'an 西安 Chang'an · 長安 —  Sub-provincial city  — 西安市 From top: City wall of Xi'an, Xingqinggong Park, Drum Tower of Xi'an, Great Mosque of Xi'an, Southeast city corner, Giant Wild Goose Pagoda, Nan'erhuan Road Location of Xi'an City jurisdiction in Shaanxi Xi'an Location in China Coordinates: 34°16′N 108°54′E / 34.267°N 108.900°E / 34.267; 108.900Coordinates: 34°16′N 108°54′E / 34.267°N 108.900°E / 34.267; 108.900 Country People's Republic of China Province Shaanxi Government  • CPC Xi'an Sun Qingyun (孙清云)  • Mayor Dong Jun (董军) Area  • Sub-provincial city 9,983 km2 (3,854 sq mi)  • Urban 826 km2 (319 sq mi)  • Metro 3,830 km2 (1,480 sq mi)  • Yangling 94 km2 (36 sq mi) Elevation 405 m (1,329 ft) Population (2010 census)  • Sub-provincial city 8,467,837  • Density Bad rounding here850/km2 (Bad rounding here2,200/sq mi)  • Urban 6,501,200  • Urban density Bad rounding here7,900/km2 (Bad rounding here20,000/sq mi)  • Metro 7,168,005 Time zone CST (UTC+8) Postal code 710000 - 710090 Area code(s) +86/29 GDP (2010) - Total ¥ 324.1 billion - Per capita ¥26,259 License plate prefixes 陕A City flower Pomegranate flower City tree Pagoda tree Website http://www.xa.gov.cn/ Xi'an Chinese 西安 Postal Map Sian Literal meaning western peace Transcriptions Mandarin - Hanyu Pinyin Xī'ān - Wade–Giles Hsi-An - IPA Min - Hokkien POJ Se-an Wu - Romanization si平oe平 Cantonese (Yue) - Jyutping sai1on1 Chang'an Traditional Chinese 長安 Simplified Chinese 长安 Literal meaning perpetual peace Transcriptions Mandarin - Hanyu Pinyin Cháng'ān Terracotta Army inside the Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum, 3rd century BCE.

Xi'an (Chinese: 西安; pinyin: Xī'ān; Wade–Giles: Hsi-An, also spelled Hsi-an, Hsian, or Sian) is the capital of Shaanxi province, and a sub-provincial city in the People's Republic of China. One of the oldest cities in China, with more than 3,100 years of history, the city was known as Chang'an before the Ming Dynasty. Xi'an is one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, having held the position under several of the most important dynasties in Chinese history, including Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang. Xi'an is the eastern terminus of the Silk Road and home to the Terracotta Army of Emperor Qin Shi Huang.

Since the 1990s, as part of the economic revival of interior China especially for the central and northwest regions, the city of Xi'an has re-emerged as an important cultural, industrial and educational centre of the central-northwest region, with facilities for research and development, national security and China's space exploration program. It's now one of the most populous built-up areas in inland China with 7,168,005 inhabitants, including urban parts of Xianyang (Weicheng and Qindu districts). According to a July 2012 report by the Economist Intelligence Unit, it was recently named as one of the 13 emerging megacities, or megalopolises, in China. The report pinpoints and highlights the demographic and income trends that are shaping these cities' development.

Name

The two Chinese characters "西安" in the name Xi'an literally mean "Western Peace". During the Zhou Dynasty, the area was called Fenghao, with the portion of the city on the west bank of the Feng River called Feng and the portion on the east called Hao. It was renamed Chang'an, meaning "Perpetual Peace", during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE - 220 CE). It changed in 581 CE to Daxing (大興) during the Sui Dynasty then again became Chang'an from 618 during the Tang Dynasty. During the Yuan Dynasty (1270-1368), the city was first given the name Fengyuan (奉元), followed by Anxi (安西) then Jingzhao (京兆). It finally became Xi'an in 1369 at the time of the Ming Dynasty. This name remained until 1928, then in 1930 it was renamed Xijing (西京), or "Western Capital". The city's name once again reverted to its Ming-era designation of Xi'an in 1943.

Xi'an is abbreviated in Chinese to either Hao (Chinese: 镐; pinyin: Hào) or Tang (Chinese: 唐; pinyin: Táng). The former abbreviation is derived from the name of Zhou Dynasty's capital Haojing (Chinese: 镐京; pinyin: Hàojīng), whilst the latter comes from the name of the Tang Dynasty.

History

Main articles: History of Xi'an and Chang'an Statues in the Imperial Tomb of Tang Emperor Gaozong, one of the many Tang Dynasty-era mausoleums located in the Xi'an area Bell Tower of Xi'an

Xi'an has a rich and culturally significant history. The Lantian Man was discovered in 1963 in Lantian County, 50 km (31 mi) southeast of Xi'an, and dates back at to least 500,000 years before the present time. A 6,500-year old Banpo Neolithic village was discovered in 1954 on the outskirts of the city proper.

11th century BCE to 19th century CE

Xi'an became a cultural and political centre of China in the 11th century BCE with the founding of the Zhou Dynasty. The capital of Zhou was established in the twin settlements of Fengjing (灃京) and Haojing, together known as Fenghao, located southwest of contemporary Xi'an. Following the Warring States period, China was unified under the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE) for the first time, with the capital located at Xianyang, just northwest of modern Xi'an. The first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang ordered the construction of the Terracotta Army and his mausoleum just to the east of Xi'an almost immediately after his ascension to the throne.

In 202 BCE, the founding emperor Liu Bang of the Han Dynasty established his capital in Chang'an County; his first palace, Changle Palace (長樂宮, perpetual happiness) was built across the river from the ruin of the Qin capital. This is traditionally regarded as the founding date of Chang'an, or Xi'an. Two years later, Liu Bang built Weiyang Palace north of modern Xi'an. The original Xi'an city wall was started in 194 BCE and took 4 years to finish. Upon completion, the wall measured 25.7 km (15.97 mi) in length and 12–16 m (39.37–52.49 ft) in thickness at the base, enclosing an area of 36 km2 (13.90 sq mi). In the year 190, amidst uprisings and rebellions just prior to the Three Kingdoms Period, a powerful warlord named Dong Zhuo moved the court from Luoyang to Chang'an in a bid to avoid a coalition of other powerful warlords against him.

Following several hundred years of unrest, the Sui Dynasty united China again in 582. The emperor of Sui ordered a new capital to be built southeast of the Han capital, called Daxing (大興, great prosperity). It consisted of three sections: the Xi'an Palace, the Imperial City, and the civilian section, with a total area of 84 km2 (32 sq mi) within the city walls. At the time, it was the largest city in the world. The city was renamed Chang'an in the Tang Dynasty. In the mid-7th century, after returning from his pilgrimage to India, Buddhist monk Xuan Zang (popularly known as Tang Sanzang) established a translation centre for Sanskrit scriptures.

Construction of the Great Wild Goose Pagoda began in 652. This pagoda was 64 m (209.97 ft) in height, and was built to store the translations of Buddhist sutras obtained from India by Xuan Zang. In 707, construction of the Small Wild Goose Pagoda began, and this pagoda measured 45 m (147.64 ft) tall at the time of completion. The massive 1556 Shaanxi earthquake eventually damaged the tower and reduced its height to 43.4 m (142.39 ft).

Chang'an was devastated at the end of the Tang Dynasty in 904. Residents were forced to move to the new capital city in Luoyang. Only a small area in the city continued to be occupied thereafter. During the Ming Dynasty, a new wall was constructed in 1370 and remains intact to this day. The wall measures 11.9 km (7.4 mi) in circumference, 12 m (39.37 ft) in height, and 15–18 m (49.21–59.06 ft) in thickness at the base; a moat was also built outside the walls. The new wall and moat would protect a much smaller city of 12 km2 (4.6 sq mi).

20th century and after

In October 1911, during the revolution in which the Qing Dynasty was overthrown, the Manchus living in the northeastern zone within the city walls were massacred. In 1936, the Xi'an Incident took place inside the city during the Chinese Civil War. The incident brought the Kuomintang (KMT) and Communist Party of China to a truce in order to concentrate on fighting against the Japanese Invasion.

Geography and climate

Xi'an Climate chart (explanation) J F M A M J J A S O N D     6.9   5 −4     9.6   8 −1     29   14 4     43   21 10     60   26 14     54   31 19     99   32 22     71   31 21     92   25 16     60   20 10     24   12 3     5.8   6 −3 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: China Meteorological Administration Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0.3   41 25     0.4   47 30     1.1   57 38     1.7   70 49     2.4   79 58     2.1   88 67     3.9   90 71     2.8   87 70     3.6   78 61     2.4   67 50     0.9   54 37     0.2   44 28 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches

Xi'an lies on the Guanzhong Plain in the south-central part of Shaanxi province, on a flood plain created by the eight surrounding rivers and streams. The city has an average elevation of 400 metres (1,312 ft) above sea level and an annual precipitation of 553 mm (21.8 in). The urban area of Xi'an is located at 34°16′N 108°56′E / 34.267°N 108.933°E / 34.267; 108.933. The Wei River provides potable water to the city.

The city borders the northern foot of the Qin Mountains (Qinling) to the south, and the banks of the Wei River to the north. Hua Shan, one of the five sacred Taoist mountains, is located 100 km (62 mi) away to the east of the city. Not far to the north is the Loess Plateau.

At the beginning of Han Dynasty, Prime Minister Zhang Liang advised the emperor Liu Bang to choose Guanzhong as the capital of the Han Dynasty: 'Guanzhong Plain, which is located behind Xiao Pass and Hangu Pass, connects Long (Gansu) and Shu (Sichuan). Land of thousands miles and rich in harvest can be found here, as if this place is belongs to the nation of the heaven.' ("关中左崤函,右陇蜀,沃野千里,此所谓金城千里,天府之国也") Since then, Guanzhong is also known as the 'Nation of the Heaven'.

National Time Service Centre

The Shaanxi Astronomical Observatory was established in 1966. In 1975, according to the Geodetic Origin Report of the People's Republic of China, 'in order to avoid bias in the mensuration as much as possible, the Geodetic Origin would be in central mainland China.' Lintong (临潼), a town near Xi'an was chosen. Since 1986, Chinese Standard Time (CST) was set from NTSC. The NTSC in Lintong is 36 km (22 mi) away from Xi'an.

National Time Service Centre (NTSC), the Chinese Academy of Sciences is an institute which is mainly engaged in the service and research on time and frequency. NTSC takes charge of generating and maintaining the national standard time scale, disseminating the time and frequency signals. The autonomous standard time scales of universal time and atomic time and the dissemination techniques with LF radio and HF radio were established successively during the 1970s and 1980s, which meet all the requirements for different applications on the whole, such as the scientific researches, national economy, etc.

Climate

Xi'an has a temperate climate that is influenced by the East Asian monsoon, classified under the Köppen climate classification as situated on the borderline between a semi-arid climate (BSk) and humid subtropical climate (Cwa). The Wei River valley is characterised by hot, humid summers, cold, dry winters, and dry springs and autumns. Most of the annual precipitation is delivered from July to late October. Snow occasionally falls in winter but rarely settles for long. Dust storms often occur during March and April as the city rapidly warms up. Summer months also experience frequent but short thunderstorms. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from around the freezing mark in January to 26.6 °C (79.9 °F) in July, with an annual mean of 13.68 °C (56.6 °F). Extreme temperatures have ranged from −20.6 °C (−5 °F) to 42.9 °C (109 °F).

Climate data for Xi'an (normals 1971−2000, extremes 1961−2000) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 17.0 (62.6) 24.1 (75.4) 27.9 (82.2) 33.6 (92.5) 38.6 (101.5) 41.8 (107.2) 41.0 (105.8) 40.0 (104) 38.2 (100.8) 33.7 (92.7) 24.1 (75.4) 21.6 (70.9) 42.9 (109.2) Average high °C (°F) 4.8 (40.6) 8.3 (46.9) 13.9 (57) 21.0 (69.8) 26.1 (79) 31.2 (88.2) 32.1 (89.8) 30.8 (87.4) 25.3 (77.5) 19.5 (67.1) 12.2 (54) 6.4 (43.5) 19.3 (66.7) Average low °C (°F) −3.8 (25.2) −1.1 (30) 3.6 (38.5) 9.5 (49.1) 14.2 (57.6) 19.2 (66.6) 21.9 (71.4) 20.9 (69.6) 15.9 (60.6) 9.9 (49.8) 2.9 (37.2) −2.5 (27.5) 9.2 (48.6) Record low °C (°F) −16 (3) −18.7 (−1.7) −6.6 (20.1) −4 (25) 5.0 (41) 10.1 (50.2) 15.2 (59.4) 12.5 (54.5) 5.4 (41.7) −1.9 (28.6) −12 (10) −14.7 (5.5) −20.6 (−5.1) Precipitation mm (inches) 6.9 (0.272) 9.6 (0.378) 28.6 (1.126) 43.0 (1.693) 60.2 (2.37) 54.4 (2.142) 98.6 (3.882) 70.8 (2.787) 91.6 (3.606) 59.9 (2.358) 23.9 (0.941) 5.8 (0.228) 553.3 (21.783) Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 3.6 4.4 6.9 8.4 8.9 9.0 10.0 9.1 10.9 9.7 6.0 3.4 90.3  % humidity 66 63 67 68 68 62 71 75 79 77 74 69 69.9 Mean monthly sunshine hours 100.8 103.2 120.8 147.9 171.4 185.3 191.9 195.4 127.0 111.1 98.4 92.8 1,646 Percent possible sunshine 32 34 33 38 40 43 44 47 34 32 32 31 37 Source: China Meteorological Administration, all-time extreme temperature

Demographics

Muslim Quarter in Xi'an, 2011

By the end of 2005, Xi'an had a population of 8.07 million. Compared to the census data from 2000, the population has increased by 656,700 persons from 7.41 million. The population is 51.66% male and 48.34% female. The district with the most population is YanTa Qu, with 1.08 million inhabitants.

The majority of Xi'an residents are Han Chinese, who make up 99.1% of the city's total population. There are around 81,500 people belonging to ethnic minorities living in Xi'an, including 50,000 Hui people.

During World War II, Xi'an became a destination for many refugees from other provinces of China, especially neighboring Henan Province. Because Xi'an was far inland, the invading Japanese army only managed a few aerial assaults on the city. As a result, Xi'an suffered minimal destruction. After 1949, the national government tried to balance the development in different regions of China, and relocated a number of factories and universities from other cities to Xi'an. Modern Xi'an Jiaotong University was relocated from its original campus in Shanghai.

Subdivision

The sub-provincial city of Xi'an has direct jurisdiction over 9 districts (区 qu) and 4 counties (县 xian):

1 2 3 Baqiao Weiyang Yanta Yanliang Lintong Chang'an Lantian County Zhouzhi County Hu County Gaoling County 1. Xincheng 2. Beilin 3. Lianhu ISO 3166-2 English Chinese Pinyin Area in km2 Seat Postal code Subdivisions Subdistricts Towns Townships Residential communities Villages 610100 Xi'an 西安市 Xī'ān Shì 10096.81 Weiyang District 710000 106 69 1 721 3025 610102 Xincheng District 新城区 Xīnchéng Qū 30.13 Xiyi Road Subdistrict (西一路街道) 710000 9 104 1 610103 Beilin District 碑林区 Bēilín Qū 23.37 Zhangjiacun Subdistrict (张家村街道) 710000 8 103 610104 Lianhu District 莲湖区 Liánhú Qū 38.32 Beiyuanmen Subdistrict (北院门街道) 710000 9 127 5 610111 Baqiao District 灞桥区 Bàqiáo Qū 324.50 Fangzhicheng Subdistrict (纺织城街道) 710000 9 37 223 610112 Weiyang District 未央区 Wèiyāng Qū 264.41 Zhangjiabao Subdistrict (张家堡街道) 710000 10 93 181 610113 Yanta District 雁塔区 Yàntǎ Qū 151.44 Xiaozhai Road Subdistrict (小寨路街道) 710000 8 117 92 610114 Yanliang District 阎良区 Yánliáng Qū 244.55 Fenghuang Road Subdistrict (凤凰路街道) 710089 5 2 23 80 610115 Lintong District 临潼区 Líntóng Qū 915.97 Lishan Subdistrict (骊山街道) 710600 23 38 284 610116 Chang'an District 长安区 Cháng'ān Qū 1588.53 Weiqu Subdistrict (韦曲街道) 710100 25 31 668 610122 Lantian County 蓝田县 Lántián Xiàn 2005.95 Languan (蓝关镇) 710500 22 9 519 610124 Zhouzhi County 周至县 Zhōuzhì Xiàn 2945.20 Erqu (二曲镇) 710400 22 14 376 610125 Hu County 户县 Hù Xiàn 1279.42 Ganting (甘亭镇) 710300 16 21 518 610126 Gaoling County 高陵县 Gāolíng Xiàn 285.03 Luyuan (鹿苑镇) 710200 7 1 4 88

Transportation

Xi'an Metro Yongningmen Metro Station Xi'an North Railway Station Bell Tower Underpass

Xi'an has many areas that are easily accessible on foot. In many commercial, residential, educations zones in the city, especially in the shopping and entertainment districts around the Bell Tower, underpasses and overpasses have been built for the safety and convenience of pedestrians.

Electric bikes are very popular among students and offer easy transportation in and around the city for many residents. Taxi services are numerous but many citizens of Xi'an still commute to work on one of more than 200 bus routes.

Metro Main article: Xi'an Metro

Currently the metro system is designed with 6 lines.

Line 2 was the first to open, on September 16, 2011. Construction on Line 1 started on October 30, 2008. Line 1 is currently expected to start operation on September 14, 2013. The rest are planned to start in 2013 and to be finished around 2016.

Taxi

Taxis in Xi'an are predominantly VW Santana made in Shanghai, BYD Auto made in Xi'an, and Citroen made in Wuhan. Most, if not all, taxis in Xi'an run on compressed natural gas.

Rail

There are 6 passenger transport railway stations in Xi'an. Xi'an Railway Station, located just north of Xi'an walled city, is one of the eight major national railway stations, and the main railway transportation hub of Shaanxi Province. The new Xi'an North Railway Station, situated a few miles to the north, is the station for the high-speed trains of the Zhengzhou–Xi'an High-Speed Railway.

The city's other stations include Xi'an West, Xi'an East, Xi'an South, Sanmincun, and Fangzhicheng railway stations.

Xi'an Railway Station covers 597 thousand square meters, has 5 passenger platforms, and 24 tracks. It provides 112 services to 80 000 people daily. There are services from Xi'an to Zhengzhou, from Xi'an to Lanzhou, from Xi'an to Baoji, and from Xi'an to Mount Hua. China Railway High-speed 2 now run an express services from Xi'an to Baoji and Xi'an to Zhengzhou; with a total running time to Baoji of under 90 minutes, and 2 hours to Zhengzhou. The Zhengzhou–Xi'an High-Speed Railway opened on February 6, 2010.

Expressways

Xi'an currently has two ring road systems, the Second Ring road and the Third Ring road which encircle the city. These ring roads are similar to freeways, except that there are traffic signals on the Second Ring road.

As a tourist city, Xi'an has built expressways to Lintong, Tongchuan and Baoji, with well-maintained roads to famous scenic spots in suburban counties and to the north slope of the Qin Mountains. Since its construction in September 2007, the Xi'an–Hanzhong Expressway connects Hanzhong and Xi'an through the Qinling. At 15 km (9.3 mi) long the Zhongnan Shan Tunnel is the longest tunnel in Asia.

China National Highway 210 China National Highway 211 China National Highway 312 Air

Xi'an Xianyang International Airport (airport code: XIY) is the major airport serving the city and is the largest airport in the northwestern part of China. The airport is located to the northwest of the city, between Xi'an and Xianyang. Chang'an Airlines and China Eastern Airlines are the main airlines using the airport.

International Routes: There are direct flights from Xi'an to many major cities in Asia, including Bangkok, Fukuoka, Hong Kong, Osaka, Pusan, Sapporo, Singapore and Seoul and Taipei.

Germany's Fraport, the operator of Frankfurt Airport, has paid 490 million yuan to obtain a 24.5-percent stake in the Xianyang International Airport, offering opportunities to upgrade and expand the facility.

Culture

A typical Chinese pavilion located in Xi'an

The culture of Xi'an descends from one of the world's earliest civilizations. The Guanzhong Ren (关中人/關中人) culture is considered the cultural antecedent of Xi'anese; their features are satirized as the "Ten Strangenesses of Guanzhong Ren" (关中十大怪/關中十大怪). Xi'an is also known for the "Eight Great Sights of Chang'an" (长安八景/長安八景), a collection of scenic areas in the region.

Traditional Chinese musical performances at Xi'an

Qinqiang (Voice of Qin) is the oldest and most extensive of the four major types of Chinese opera. Also called "random pluck" (乱弹), Qinqiang is the main type of drama in Shaanxi province. As the earliest ancestor of Beijing Opera, Yu Opera, Chuan Opera and Hebei Opera, Qinqiang has developed its own system of unique vocal music, spoken parts, facial makeup, posture, role, category and acting. It can be traced to Xi Qinqiang (西秦腔, Voice of West Qin) in Qin Dynasty, and blossomed until Qing Dynasty, with direct influences on many branches of Chinese Opera.

Much like Beijing 798 and Shanghai 1933, Xi'an has an art district called Textile town (纺织城). The district is not an actual town but derives its name from the many textile factories built there since the 1950s. Today it is no longer a centre for the textile industry but a new art factory with 4 workshops in total. Since March 2007, more than 40 artists have taken a part in these workshops.

Xi'an is home to contemporary Chinese Stars such as Xu Wei, Zhang Chu, Zheng Jun.

Zhang Yimou and Gu Changwei are directors from Xi'an. Xi'an is also the only city in China to win the Golden Bear (Berlin Film Festival) twice. The first film is Red Sorghum and the second one is Tuya's Marriage. They are produced by Xi'an Filmmaking Factory (now called Xi'an Qujiang Filmmaking Group) and Xi'an Filmmaking company respectively.

Economy

As part of the China Western Development policy, Xi’an became a major target for accelerated attention. From 1997 to 2006, the industrial output value of Xi’an’s service industry increased at an annual average rate of 13.74%, compared to traditional service industries of 0.74%, representing a growth from US$8.113 billion to US$25.85 billion. Xi'an is the largest economy of the Shaanxi province, with a GDP of 324.1 billion Yuan in 2010. On average this value increases by 14.5% annually, and accounts for approximately 41.8% of Shaanxi's total GDP. At least fifty-eight countries have established over 2,560 enterprises in Xian, including nineteen of the Fortune 500 enterprises. These include ABB Group, Mitsubishi, Toshiba, Fujitsu, Coca-Cola, and Boeing.

Important industries include equipment manufacturing, tourism, and service outsourcing. The manufacturing industry had an annual output of RMB 36.5 billion, accounting for 44.5% of the city's total. Furthermore, as one of China's four ancient capitals, Xi'an's many cultural sites, including the Terracotta Army, the City Wall of Xi'an, and the Famen Temple, make tourism an important industry as well. In 2010, 52 million domestic tourists visited Xi'an, earning a total income of RMB 40.52 billion. On average, revenue increases by 36.4% per year, and foreign-exchange earnings (530 million in 2009) increase by around 35.8%.

Xi'an is also one of the first service outsourcing cities in China, with over 800 corporations in the industry. The city's output value from this sector exceeded RMB 23 billion in 2008. Employment in the sector doubled from 1997-2006, from a base of 60,000, and computer consulting also doubled from 16,000 to 32,000. As a result of the importance of the software-outsourcing industry, the city planned construction of a Software New Town, which is scheduled to be completed in 2015 with 30 billion RMB investment. Other major export goods include lighting equipment and automobile parts, while its major import goods are mechanical and electrical products. Internationally, Xi'an's largest trade partner is the United States.

Xi'an is part of the West Triangle Economic Zone, along with Chengdu and Chongqing.

Industrial zones

Major industrial zones in Xi'an include:

Xi'an Economic and Technological Development Zone Xi'an Hi-Tech Industries Development Zone Software and outsourcing industries CBD, Tangyan Road, Xi'an

The growing economy of Xi'an supports the development of a software industry, and the city is a pioneer in software industry in China.

A Silicon.com article describes Xi'an: "But Xi'an is selling on its own merits - with a large pool of cheap human resources from the 100 universities in the area, it hoovers up around 3,000 computer graduates every year, each earning approximately $120 a month - half the wages for the equivalent job in Beijing."

Aerospace industry

In November 2006, Xi'an and the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation jointly set up Xi'an Aerospace Science and Technology Industrial Base. From its establishment, the base has focused on the development of the civil space industry, including equipment manufacturing, software and service outsourcing, new materials and solar photovoltaics.

Apart from the core area, the base will cover Xi'an and the Guanzhong area and the expansion zone will reach other parts of Northwest China and Southwest China. It is expected that by 2012 the total industry output can reach 2.8 billion us dollars with about 10 to 20 brand products with intellectual property rights and 5-8 products with global competitiveness.

In 2008, after the launch of the initial aerospace centre in Shanghai, the PRC is constructing another civil aerospace centre in the Shaanxi province. The State Development and Reform Commission approved the planning of Xi'an National Civil Aerospace Industrial Base on December 26, 2007. The National Civil Aerospace Industrial Base of Xi'an, set to cover 23 km2 (8.9 sq mi), will focus on developing satellites, new materials, energies, IT and other technologies for civil applications.

Famous economists

Chinese economists from Northwest University in Xi'an includes Zhang Weiying (张维迎), Zhang Shuguang (张曙光), Weijie (魏杰), Liu Shijin (刘世锦), Song Ze (宋则), Feng Lun (冯仑), Feng Zongsu (冯宗苏), Zou Dongtao (邹东涛), Li Yiping (李义平), Zuo Zhonghai (左中海). Zhang Chaoyang (张朝阳), the CEO of SOHU (Nasdaq) company, born and grew up in Xi'an, is a prominent leader in the Chinese Internet industry. Liu Chuanzhi, the founder and president of Lenovo Group Limited, completed his tertiary degree from Xidian University in 1960s.

International events

World Horticultural Expo 2011

Xi’an was chosen to host the 2011 World Horticultural Exposition by the Association of International Producers of Horticulture (AIPH) at its 59th congress, held in Brighton, United Kingdom on September 4, 2007. The 2011 World Horti-Expo was held from April 28 to October 28, 2011. The exhibition was located in a new district of the city, Chanba district, and was expected to bring some 10 million visitors to Xi’an.

Tourism

The number of travelers is often greater during Summer (May–August), although the most pleasant season for visiting Xi'an is Autumn.

Sites City wall of Xi'an The Great Mosque of Xi'an The Giant Wild Goose Pagoda The Famen Pagoda View of the city from the Giant Wild Goose Pagoda

Because of the city's many historical monuments and a plethora of ancient ruins and tombs in the vicinity, tourism has been an important component of the local economy, and the Xi'an region is one of the most popular tourist destinations in China.

The city has many important historical sites, and some are ongoing archaeological projects, such as the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang and his Terracotta Army. There are several burial mounds, tombs of the Zhou Dynasty kings located in the city. Xi'an also contains some 800 royal mausoleums and tombs from the Han Dynasty, with some of them yielding hundreds of sculpted clay soldiers, and remains of sacrificial temples from the Han era. The city has numerous Tang Dynasty pagodas and is noted for its history museum and its stele forest, which is housed in an 11th-century Confucian temple containing large stone tablets from various dynasties.

Some of the most well-known sites in Xi'an are:

The city is surrounded by a well-preserved city wall which was re-constructed in the 14th century during the early Ming Dynasty and was based on the inner imperial palace of Tang Dynasty. The Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang and his Terracotta Army are located 40 km (25 mi) to the east of the city centre, in the city's suburbs. The Bell Tower and Drum Tower, both are located at the city's central axis. The city's Muslim quarter, which is home to the Great Mosque of Xi'an. The Giant Wild Goose Pagoda and Small Wild Goose Pagoda are both spectacular towers and both are well over 1,000 years old and have survived great earthquakes. The former is next to a large square with the largest fountain in Asia which projects water high into the air, rising and falling in time to music during one of the daily performances (usually at noon and soon after sunset). They protected Buddhist writings in the past. The Stele Forest is famous for its numerous historic inscriptions and stoneworks The Famen Temple and its towering pagoda located on the city's outskirt Xi Ming Temple Wolong Temple at Kaitong lane Xingjiao Temple at Shaolin Yuan (where Xuanzang's Tomb lies) Jianfu Temple Blue Dragon Temple Wangji Temple The Banpo Neolithic village is located on the outskirt of the city proper The Qianling Mausoleum, one of the many Tang Dynasty era tombs located in Xi'an The Shaanxi History Museum has a large collection of artifacts both modern and ancient. Mount Zhongnan (终南山) Mount Taibai Mount Li Huaqing Hot Springs (華清池), at the foot of Mt. Li, have a history of 6,000 years, the adjacent Huaqing Palace has a history of 3,000 years. Ranked among the Hundred Famous Gardens in China, it also has the status as a National Cultural Relic Protection Unit and a National Key Scenic Area. Daming Palace National Heritage Park, site of the former royal residence of the Tang Dynasty emperors Museums Terracotta Army Museum Shaanxi History Museum Hanyang Tomb Museum, the 1st modern underground museum in China, opened in 2006 Stele Forest Xi'an Museum: October 20, 2006, international council of monuments sites (ICOMOS) international protection centre (IICC) was formally established here National parks Mount Cuihua National Geological Park, Xi'an (翠华山国家地质公园) Chanba National Wetland Park, Xi'an (浐灞国家湿地公园) Daming Palace National Heritage Park, Xi'an (大明宫国家遗址公园) Mount Li National Forest Park, Xi'an (骊山国家森林公园) Mount Taibai National Forest Park (太白山国家森林公园) Mount Wangshun National Forest Park, Xi'an (王顺山国家森林公园) Mount Zhongnan National Forest Park, Xi'an (终南山国家森林公园) Hei He National Forest Park, Xi'an (黑河国家森林公园) Louguantai National Forest Park, Xi'an (楼观台国家森林公园) Taiping National Forest Park, Xi'an (太平国家森林公园) Zhuque National Forest Park, Xi'an (朱雀国家森林公园)

Sports

Cuju is a very old football game:

It was improved during the Tang Dynasty (618-907). First of all, the feather-stuffed ball was replaced by an air-filled ball with a two-layered hull. Also, two different types of goalposts emerged: One was made by setting up posts with a net between them and the other consisted of just one goal post in the middle of the field. Chang'an was filled with cuju football fields, in the backyards of large mansions, and some were even established in the grounds of the palaces. The level of female cuju teams also improved. Records indicate that once a 17-year-old girl beat a team of army soldiers. Cuju football became popular among the scholars and intellectuals, and if a courtier lacked skill in the game, he could pardon himself by acting as a scorekeeper.

Professional sports teams in Xi'an include:

Chinese Pingpong Association Super League Galaxy (银河) Chinese Basketball Association Shaanxi Dongsheng (东盛)

Former Professional sports teams in Xi'an:

Chinese Football Association Super League Shaanxi Renhe Commercial Chanba F.C. (陕西人和商业浐灞) Team moved to Guizhou for the 2012 Chinese Super League season.

Xi'an is also the Chinese Boxing training base for the national team.

Media

Television and radio China Central Television's channel 1 through 12 is broadcast nationwide. Shaanxi Television (SXTV) provincial station, broadcasts on eight channels as well as a satellite channel for other provinces. Xi'an Television (XATV) municipal station, has six channels for specialized programming. Shaanxi Radio broadcasts music, news. Xi'an Music Radio: FM 93.1, broadcasts music, news and talkshows. Shaanxi Music Radio: Fm 98.8, broadcasts music, news and talkshows. Printed media Chinese Business View (华商报) is a popular daily newspaper. Xi'an Evening News (Xi'an Wanbao) (西安晚报), with a history of 50 years (1957–2007), is one of the oldest newspapers. Sanqin Daily (三秦都市报) covers the news of Shaanxi Province. Shaanxi Daily (陕西日报) covers the news of Shaanxi Province and Xi'an. Online media New Dynasty (新潮) is a popular multilingual online magazine in Xi'an.

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in China

Xi'an's twin towns and sister cities are:

Nara, Japan. (1974) Kyoto, Japan. (1974) Edinburgh, United Kingdom. (1985) Pau, France. (1986) Kansas City, United States. (1989) Esfahan, Iran. (1989) Dortmund, Germany. (1991) Lahore, Pakistan. (1992) Funabashi, Chiba, Japan. (1994) Gyeongju, South Korea. (1994) Iaşi, Romania. (1994) Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine. (1995) Istanbul, Turkey. (1996) Kathmandu, Nepal. (1996) Brasília, Brazil. (1997) Cairo, Egypt. (1997) Quebec City, Canada. (2001) Córdoba, Argentina. (2006) Pompei, Italy. (2007) Athens, Greece Kalamata, Greece (2009) Birmingham, United Kingdom. Cusco, Peru.

Education

Further information: List of universities in China Public Xi'an Jiaotong University Chang'an University (长安大学) Northwest A&F University (西北农林科技大学) Northwestern Polytechnical University (西北工业大学) Northwest University (西北大学) Northwest University of Political Science and Law (西北政法大学) Shaanxi Institute of Education (陕西教育学院) Shaanxi Normal University (陕西师范大学) Xi'an Academy of Fine Arts (西安美术学院) Xi'an Conservatory of Music (西安音乐学院) Xi'an University of Arts and Science (西安文理学院) Xi'an Institute of Post & Telecommunications (西安邮电学院) Xi'an International Studies University (西安外国语大学) Xi'an Jiaotong University (西安交通大学) Xi'an Physical Education Institute (西安体育学院) Xi'an Polytechnic University (西安工程大学) Xi'an Shiyou University (西安石油大学) Xi'an Technological University (西安工业大学) Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology (西安建筑科技大学) Xi'an University of Finance and Economics (西安财经学院) Xi'an University of Science and Technology (西安科技大学) Xi'an University of Technology (西安理工大学) Xidian University (西安电子科技大学) Military Air force Engineering University (空军工程大学, 1999年由空军电讯工程学院、空军工程学院、空军导弹学院合编组成) The Fourth Military Medical University (第四军医大学) The Second Artillery Engineering University of People's Liberation Army (解放军第二炮兵工程学院) (PLA) Xi'an Telecommunication College (解放军西安通信学院) Private Shaanxi Institute of International Commerce (陕西国际商贸学院) Xi'an Eurasia University (西安欧亚学院; University website) Xi'an Fanyi University (西安翻译学院) Xi'an International University (西安外事学院,University website) Xi'an Peihua University (西安培华学院) Xi'an Siyuan University (西安思源学院)

Note: Institutions without full-time bachelor programs are not listed.

See also: List of universities in the People's Republic of China

Notes and references

^ a b c d e "Xi'an". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-09-03.  ^ It is also called "Sianfu" by many Western authors of the early 20th century. For example, the Catholic Archdiocese of Xian used to be called the Vicariate Apostolic of Sianfu. Adolf S. Waley, The Re-making of China, New York: E.P. Dutton and Company, 1914. ^ a b c "Xi'an". Encarta. 1993-2008. September 3, 2008. Archived from the original on February 28, 2008.  ^ Supersized cities: China’s 13 megalopolises ^ Zhongguo Gujin Diming Dacidian 中国古今地名大词典, 2005. (Shanghai: Shanghai Cishu Chubanshe), 1540. ^ Ernest Frank Borst-Smith, Caught in the Chinese Revolution: a record of risks and rescue. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1912. ^ 《史记·留侯世家》 ^ NTSC 国家授时中心简介 ^ a b "Extreme Temperatures Around the World". Retrieved 2013-02-21.  ^ "中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集(1971-2000年)" (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. June 2011. Retrieved 2009-03-17.  ^ a b c d "西安人口 (Xi'an population)". City of Xi'an, in Chinese. Retrieved 2007-05-16.  ^ 国家统计局统计用区划代码 ^ 《贵阳统计年鉴2011》 ^ 《中国民政统计年鉴2011》 ^ About Xi'an - Emma's Tours, http://emmastours.com/about_xian.html ^ a b c Walcott, Susan (April 17, 2010). "Xi'an's Maturing Economy". Retrieved 2013-06-01.  ^ a b c d e "Xi'an ( Shaanxi ) City Information". Aug 29, 2011. Retrieved 2013-06-01.  ^ "City Report: Xi’an". January 17, 2007. Retrieved 2013-06-02.  ^ "Xi’an Economy". The People's Government of Shaanxi. January 1, 2008. Retrieved 2013-06-02.  ^ "Xi'an". Lehman, Lee & Xu. Retrieved 2013-06-02.  ^ People's Daily ^ Bureau of Commerce of Xi'an Municipal Government ^ "Xi'an to Host World Horticultural Expo" China.org.cn ^ a b c "Xi'an". The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Retrieved 2008-09-03.  ^ "List of Twin Towns in the Ruhr District". 2009 Twins2010.com. Retrieved 2009-10-28. 

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